求2~3篇的关于国际贸易的英文文章~~谢谢

1. 求2~3篇的关于国际贸易的英文文章~~谢谢

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods and services across international boundaries or territories.[1] In most countries, it represents a significant share of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.

International trade is in principle not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade does not change fundamentally depending on whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or a different culture.

Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Then trade in good and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing the factor of production a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor.

International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.

Models
Several different models have been proposed to predict patterns of trade and to analyze the effects of trade policies such as tariffs.

[edit] Ricardian model
Main article: Ricardian model
The Ricardian model focuses on comparative advantage and is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialize in producing what they produce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will fully specialize instead of producing a broad array of goods. Also, the Ricardian model does not directly consider factor endowments, such as the relative amounts of labor and capital within a country.

[edit] Heckscher-Ohlin model
Main article: Heckscher-Ohlin model
The Heckscher-Ohlin model was produced as an alternative to the Ricardian model of basic comparative advantage. Despite its greater complexity it did not prove much more accurate in its predictions. However from a theoretical point of view it did provide an elegant solution by incorporating the neoclassical price mechanism into international trade theory.

The theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce. Empirical problems with the H-O model, known as the Leontief paradox, were exposed in empirical tests by Wassily Leontief who found that the United States tended to export labor intensive goods despite having a capital abundance.

[edit] Specific factors model
In this model, labour mobility between industries is possible while capital is immobile between industries in the short-run. Thus, this model can be interpreted as a 'short run' version of the Heckscher-Ohlin model. The specific factors name refers to the given that in the short-run specific factors of production, such as physical capital, are not easily transferable between industries. The theory suggests that if there is an increase in the price of a good, the owners of the factor of production specific to that good will profit in real terms. Additionally, owners of opposing specific factors of production (i.e. labour and capital) are likely to have opposing agendas when lobbying for controls over immigration of labour. Conversely, both owners of capital and labour profit in real terms from an increase in the capital endowment. This model is ideal for particular industries. This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade!

[edit] New Trade Theory
Main article: New Trade Theory
New Trade theory tries to explain several facts about trade, which the two main models above have difficulty with. These include the fact that most trade is between countries with similar factor endowment and productivity levels, and the large amount of multinational production (ie foreign direct investment) which exists. In one example of this framework, the economy exhibits monopolistic competition, and increasing returns to scale.

[edit] Gravity model
Main article: Gravity model of trade
The Gravity model of trade presents a more empirical analysis of trading patterns rather than the more theoretical models discussed above. The gravity model, in its basic form, predicts trade based on the distance between countries and the interaction of the countries' economic sizes. The model mimics the Newtonian law of gravity which also considers distance and physical size between two objects. The model has been proven to be empirically strong through econometric analysis. Other factors such as income level, diplomatic relationships between countries, and trade policies are also included in expanded versions of the model.

[edit] Regulation of international trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nations had high tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief became the dominant thinking among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the GATT and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.

Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, though they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariffs applied to agriculture by the United States and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However, many other countries (such as India, China and Russia) are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The latter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs procedures.

Traditionally agricultural interests are usually in favour of free trade while manufacturing sectors often support protectionism. This has changed somewhat in recent years, however. In fact, agricultural lobbies, particularly in the United States, Europe and Japan, are chiefly responsible for particular rules in the major international trade treaties which allow for more protectionist measures in agriculture than for most other goods and services.

During recessions there is often strong domestic pressure to increase tariffs to protect domestic industries. This occurred around the world during the Great Depression. Many economists have attempted to portray tariffs as the underlining reason behind the collapse in world trade that many believe seriously deepened the depression.

The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 independent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talks on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed largely due to opposition from the populations of Latin American nations. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.

[edit] Risks in international trade
The risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups

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       　　关于外贸英语对话短文篇1       　　A：Donna!How are you? It's good to hear your voice.
       　　B：Thank you. Jack,it's always a pleasure doing business with you.
       　　A：So how are things in the land of the free and the home of brave?
       　　B：Great! And , how are things in your neck of the woods?
       　　A：Things are so great here.I almost smiled myself to death last week. One of my coworkers had to give me CPR.
       　　B：Oh.Jack,I have missed your sense of humor.Ha ha ha! Nobody else sees things quite like you do.It's your gift.
       　　A：Or a curse.
       　　B：Nope,it's a gift.Anyway,we need some more of those mid-range speakers you tricked me into buying last time.
       　　A：That, my dear,was classic sales technique delivered by a professional.
       　　B：Are you still gouging your customers the same price per unit?
       　　A：Heck no, we doubled the price,but because it's you, I'll let you have'em at 50 off.
       　　B：You silver-tongued devil. Can't you ever just answer a question with a simple yes or no?
       　　A：I could ,but where's the fun in that?
       　　关于外贸英语对话短文篇2       　　A：So how did I do?
       　　B：Not too good, I'm sorry.
       　　A：I lost?
       　　B：It was close.To be honest, you had the lowest price by three cents per uint,but they didn't like your delivery date.Acme promised them almost a full month sooner.
       　　A：So the price was good?
       　　B：Yes,they loved the price,the delivery date was the problem. They just didn't want to cut the delivery date that close.If something went wrong and you didn't deliver,we might not be able to get stock in time for Christmas.If you could have been two or three weeks faster on delivery, they might have gone with you.
       　　A：So I didn't miss by much then.
       　　B：No.It was very close and they argued over the bid for a long time. Better luck next time.
       　　A：I knew the delivery was slow but I figured the price would win it for me.
       　　B：That's possible,Bill.But the price would have to have been a lot lower, like around fifty cents per unit.
       　　关于外贸英语对话短文篇3       　　A：Hi,Bill. It's Marsha Black at MPPM Ltd. How are you?
       　　B：Hello, Marsha,I haven't heard from you in a long time. I'm great,and you?
       　　A：Not too bad at all. Do you have a minute?
       　　B：Sure, what can I do for you?
       　　A：We're getting ready to place our Christmas orders and we need to know about how much it's going to run this year.You know, so we can have the funds put aside.
       　　B：I'm really busy right now. I got a lot on my plate.So this isn't an actual bid you want but just a ballpark figure?
       　　A：Right, a ballpark figure is fine,and slant it a little high if you have to .
       　　B：Well,I can give you those figures now over the phone, is that okay? Or do you need them in writing?
       　　A：It's going to be shown to the Board so I need it in writing.Make all the prices subject to confirmation so you can't be held to them. How soon can I have it?
       　　B：Is this another rush,dear? Did you forget and wait until the last minute again?
       　　A：Yeah,I'm afraid so .I really need your help here.
       　　B：Well,just because it's you. Tomorrow, say around noon.

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